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The Quran and the Sunnah are the two major sources of Islamic jurisprudence. The Sunnah was the sayings, habits, and practices exemplified by the life of the Prophet Muhammad - what he said, what he did, and the things he approved of in regard to the actions of others. Sunnah has a high authority in Islam because Allah ordered Muslims to follow the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad in many places in the Quran. Sunnah confirmed the Quran by elucidating and illuminating the meaning of some of the verses and by limiting or restricting the interpretations of others.
The Hadith books reported on
the Sunnah and contain clarifications, explanations and interpretations of the
sayings and traditions of the living example, Prophet Muhammad - what he said
(qawl), what he did (fi'l), and what he approved of in regard to the actions of
others (taqrir)
While the Sunnah was the life of the Prophet, the Hadith were narratives about the things he approved of and were used to determine the Muslim way of life. In a broader sense Hadith also covered narrations about Muhammad's Companions and Successors. Hadith were considered important sources of reference by all of the traditional schools of jurisprudence. Any thing or any action in Islam falls within the following five categories of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence): Fardh (Must), such as five daily prayers, Mandub (Recommended) such as extra prayers after Zuhr, Mubah (Allowed), such as eating apples or oranges, Makruh (Hated) such as growing fingernails, and Haram (Prohibited), such as stealing and lying. Although the Quran contained many rules defining appropriate Muslim behavior, there were no Quranic rules governing many practical and religious matters. Muslims believed that it was important to refer to the Sunnah, the way of life of Muhammad and his companions. Hadith were considered important sources of reference by all of the traditional schools of jurisprudence. The founders of the four schools of thought in Islam, Imam Malik, Imam Ash-Shafi'i, Imam Abu Hanifah, and Imam Ahmad, are the most famous scholars of Fiqh in Muslim history. The Shari'ah was the revealed canonical laws, rules, and regulations of the religion of Islam which legislators made to be in conformance with the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet.
A Faqih, an expert in jurisprudence passes verdicts within the
rules of Islamic law. The Shari'ah is uppermost in the Muslim mind and
dominates both sacred and secular life.
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