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Confucianism (teachings of Kongzi) was a philosophy of a way of life that was mainly about ethical relations that define the standards for family life and the administration of the state. According to the teachings of Kongzi, the motive for change must be right. It must be good for the whole, as well as, the self. A moral self was cultivated through a path of virtue where Yi-Jen-Li were integrated into righteous benevolent propriety. Kongzi's teachings also have a deep reverence for the powers of Heaven and Earth that regulate nature and effect the course of human events. Daoists believed that people are by nature, good, and that one should be kind to others simply because such treatment will probably be reciprocated. Daoist sages pursued a long life and virtual immortality by seeking mystical union with the great pattern of nature and its Dao.
The goal of everyone was to
become one with the Dao. Becoming nameless, formless, and simple, they gain virtuous power. People should develop virtue and seek compassion, moderation, and humility. One should plan any action in
advance and achieve it through minimal action.
Some of the Daoist virtues beneficial to cultivate were Chung, Hsiao, Jen, Li, and Xin. The virtuous concept of Chung included cultivation of loyalty, fidelity, dedication, and commitment to the state. The virtuous concept of Jen included cultivation of benevolence, compassion, kindness, consideration, and humaneness towards others. The virtuous concept of Hsiao included cultivation of love within family matters that encompasses: love of parents for their children, of children for their parents, and love among family members. The virtuous concept of Li included cultivation of ritual, propriety, decorum, correctness, etiquette, and good manners. The virtuous concept of Xin included cultivation of honesty, truthfulness, trustworthiness, and integrity. According to the basic tenets of Daoism, the appropriate way to resolve problems was through non-contention, by peaceful means rather than with conflict and violence. When one was attuned to the Dao, they followed a way of non-action where by doing less they accomplished more. Simplicity made everyday living uncomplicated and effortless. Insights come from living the Dao rather than from a book knowledge. By using intuition one might transcend the limits of logic and acquire wisdom.
Virtuous deeds were to be performed with non-intention meaning without regard to reward. Humility was gained when as
one learned more, they began to realize how much they did not yet understand. The overall goal of the
philosophy of Kongzi was to cultivate the ethical transformation of the individual self while contributing to the attainment of an ideal, harmonious
society.
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